It builds a random, never-registered path under your domain and requests it directly — no crawling, no guessing at real broken URLs. Whatever your server returns for that fake path is exactly what it would return for any other page that doesn't exist: a moved post, a typo'd URL, a deleted product page.
How to fix a soft-404
The fix depends on your platform, but the goal is the same everywhere: make sure your framework or CMS returns a real 404 status code for unmatched routes, not a 200 fallback page or a blanket redirect to the homepage. Most frameworks have a dedicated not-found handler — the fix is usually confirming it's wired up correctly, not building one from scratch.