It reads the live HTML of the page and pulls every og: meta tag from the <head>. The five tags the Open Graph protocol requires — og:title, og:description, og:image, og:url, and og:type — each cost 15 points when missing; the two recommended ones (og:site_name, og:locale) cost 5. The preview card is built from those same values, the way Facebook or LinkedIn would build theirs.
How to fix what it finds
Every fix is a <meta property="og:..." content="..."> line in your page's <head>. Most CMSs and SEO plugins (Yoast, Rank Math, the Shopify theme editor) expose these as "social" or "sharing" fields — fill those in rather than hand-editing templates. Then run the URL here again, and if a platform still shows the old card, clear its cache with that platform's own debugger.